centos7安装python3
# centos7.9中安装python3.9.9
# 1.安装相应的编译工具
在root用户下(不要用普通用户,麻烦),全部复制粘贴过去,一次性安装即可.
yum -y groupinstall "Development tools"
yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel
yum install -y libffi-devel zlib1g-dev
yum install zlib* -y
2
3
4
# 2.下载安装包
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.9/Python-3.9.9.tar.xz
# 3.解压
tar -xvJf Python-3.9.9.tar.xz
# 4.创建编译安装目录
mkdir /usr/local/python3
# 5.安装
cd Python-3.9.9 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 --with-ssl-default-suites=openssl #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 --enable-optimizations --with-ssl-default-suites=openssl #第一个指定安装的路径,不指定的话,安装过程中可能软件所需要的文件复制到其他不同目录,删除软件很不方便,复制软件也不方便. #第二个可以提高python10%-20%代码运行速度,但是gcc小于8.1.0会报错是,见错误4 #第三个是为了安装pip需要用到ssl,后面报错会有提到,原选项 --with-ssl,此版本用 --with-ssl-default-suites=openssl。 make && make install
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41405728/what-does-enable-optimizations-do-while-compiling-python
# 6.创建软链接
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3 /usr/local/bin/python3 ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3 /usr/local/bin/pip3
# 7.验证是否成功
python3 -V pip3 -V
# 8.报错处理
错误1.
zipimport.ZipImportError: can't decompress data; zlib not available Makefile:1099: recipe for target 'install' failed make: *** [install] Error 1
需要安装依赖
yum -y install zlib1g-dev
错误2.
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_ctypes'
需要安装依赖
yum -y install libffi-devel
这两个错误需要的依赖已经添加到一开始的依赖安装上去了
错误3
使用如下编译会报警告 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 --enable-optimizations --with-ssl 警告如下 configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --with-ssl
# 错误4
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/root/Python-3.9.9/Lib/runpy.py", line 15, in <module> import importlib.util File "/root/Python-3.9.9/Lib/importlib/util.py", line 2, in <module> from . import abc File "/root/Python-3.9.9/Lib/importlib/abc.py", line 17, in <module> from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable File "/root/Python-3.9.9/Lib/typing.py", line 21, in <module> import collections SystemError: <built-in function compile> returned NULL without setting an error generate-posix-vars failed make[1]: *** [pybuilddir.txt] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Python-3.9.9' make: *** [profile-opt] Error 2
导致原因:
在低版本的gcc中带有–enable-optimizations参数
解决方法(不推荐使用方法1):
1、升级gcc至高版本,gcc 8.1.0已修复此问题
2、./configure参数中去掉–enable-optimizations
# 报错5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "ed-monitor.py", line 3, in <module>
import requests
File "/usr/local/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/__init__.py", line 43, in <module>
import urllib3
File "/usr/local/python3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/__init__.py", line 38, in <module>
raise ImportError(
ImportError: urllib3 v2.0 only supports OpenSSL 1.1.1+, currently the 'ssl' module is compiled with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips 26 Jan 2017. See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2168
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
这个问题是python版本安装的 urllib3版本过高,而openssl版本太低导致的
解决无非两种方法,降低urllib3版本或者升级openssl版本
下面2选其一
升级openssl版本
//只针对centos,如果是ubunt系统,把yum改 apt-get
yum -y update
yum -y install openssl@1.1
//安装好后,查看openssl版本是否升级到最新
python -c "import ssl; print(ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION)"
2
3
4
5
降低urllib版本
python3 -m pip install urllib3==1.26.6
# 9.安装pipenv
pip install pipenv
在centos中使用python3.7或以上版本,进行pip install 命令容易报错
pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available. Could not fetch URL https:*******: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available. - skipping
在./configure过程中,如果没有加上–with-ssl参数时,默认安装的软件涉及到ssl的功能不可用,刚好pip3过程需要ssl模块,而由于没有指定,所以该功能不可用。解决办法是重新对python3.9进行编译安装,用一下过程来实现编译安装:
cd Python-3.9.9 ./configure --with-ssl-default-suites=openssl make && make install
即可正常使用pip安装.
这个也在安装python的时候指定了.
# 10.修改pip安装源
修改系统pip安装源
在家目录下新建.pip
文件夹,进入文件夹新建文件pip.conf
之后写入相应镜像网站地址
cd ~ mkdir .pip cd .pip vim pip.conf #进入后添加以下内容,保存退出. [global] index-url = https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple
修改pipenv安装源
在自己的虚拟环境中找到Pipfile
文件,将其中的url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
修改为你需要的国内镜像,如https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
root@localhost myproject]# vim Pipfile [[source]] name = "pypi" url = "https://pypi.org/simple" # 改为url = "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/" verify_ssl = true [dev-packages] #这里是开发环境专属包,使用pipenv install --dev package来安装专属开发环境的包 [packages] # 全部环境的通用包,安装在这里. [requires] python_version = "3.7"